Early Release as an Apparent Catalyst for Social Upheaval Research Proposal

Early Release as an Apparent Catalyst for Social Upheaval - Research Proposal Example To further the research, the detrimental aspects of such laws were given so as to prove that there is a remarked disadvantageous consequence to such policies. As such, the over-all thrust of this paper is to illustrate how a justified evolution in systemic process has invariably led to a degenerative movement of the society. Yours Sincerely, __________________________ __________________________ Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 Introduction 4 Coming of the Modern Times: Evolution in the Criminal Justice System 4 The UK Experience: Early Release Program of Prisoners 4 Criminal Justice Act of 1991 5 Short-Term Prisoner 5 Long-Term Prisoner 5 Crime and Disorder Act of 1998 5 Anti-Social Behavior Orders (ASBO) 5 Criminal Justice Act of 2003 6 Court and Police Procedure Reform 6 New Guidelines in Trials without Jury 6 Rules in Criminal Evidence 6 Procedural Amendments in Sentencing Detriments to Early Release Program of Prisoners 6 Social Stigma 6 Complex and Restrictive After-Release Arrangement 7 Divergent Implementation Procedure of After-Release Policies 7 Failure of Reformation 7 Evolution of the Criminal Justice System 7 UK Key Determinants: Crime Rate 7 Tables 7 1: World Ranking of Countries with the Most Number of Violent Crimes 8 2: British Crime Survey – 2008/09 9 3: Police Recorded Crime – 2008/09 10 4: Trends in BCS Violent Crime By Type of Violence, 1995 to 2008/09 10 Conclusion 11 References 12 Executive Summary The United Kingdom has afforded the implementation of legislative enactments focusing on the re-integration of unlawful offenders into the mainstream society through the Criminal Justice Act of 1991, the Crime and Disorder Act of 1998 and the Criminal Justice Act of 2003. These laws have underscored the significance and viable contribution that an early-release of prisoners would generate into the well-being of the nation. However, factors such as the alarming prognosis set by the UK crime rate after the implementation of said rules have presented the idea that the early release of prisoners may not actually be a step towards the development of the society. In fact, the enactment of the mentioned laws may actually be construed as a movement towards the generation of an otherwise functional community. In this regard, this paper seeks to establish the detrimental consequences associated with an early release program of prisoners. This paper will provide a summation of the societal implication of advocating such reform in criminal justice by assessing the English social systemic make up and its concomitant response to such development. Over all, this paper will show how a perceived progressive stance is invariably paralleled to a regressive step leading to the collapse of an otherwise competent nation. Introduction In 1944, a year prior to the enactment of the United Nations of its charter espousing the abolition of racism, George Junius Stinney, a fourteen year-old black boy was executed in South Carolina (Taylor, 2011; Bydoon, 2010). In 1979, a mentally-ill man named John Paul Penry was condemned to suffer the death penalty (Orecklin, 2000). In 2006, four days after his 76th birthday and four months after a near-fatal heart

Why the Labout Party Took Long to Make Itself Electable after 1979 Essay

Why the Labout Party Took Long to Make Itself Electable after 1979 - Essay Example The Labour party was founded on democratic socialism. As a result, it had close affiliations with trade unions (Lyman 1957). As a matter of fact, the party was founded so as to fight for the rights of the workers. The party rose from its humble beginnings in 1990 to form its first government under Prime Minister Clement Attlee. Labour party was in office from 1945-1951. This government was the most radical of all British governments to have come into office in the 20th Century. It strived to implement the theories espoused by John Maynard Keynes, among others. This government nationalized key industries where it had majority stake. An example of such industries was banking; where the bank of England was taken back by the government. The same case happened with mining, telecommunications and transport, steel, railway and canals industries. They believed the government had to have a hand in the running of vital industries, an idea that seems so out of place in the era of rapid privatiz ation (Lyman 1957). The Attlee government also instituted the N.H.S (National Health Service). This is a program of socialized medicine that is the envy of the world today. This scheme made affordable healthcare accessible to the extremely poor people in the society. The Attlee government was also behind the slow dismantling of the British Empire. Independence was granted to several colonies, most notably India, the jewel in Britain’s imperial crown. The party went on to lose the 1951 general election to the Conservatives, and spent several years in opposition until Labour’s Harold Wilson was elected Prime Minister in 1964. Harold Wilson’s administration also reinforced the idea of ‘labour’ as the true Leftist party by putting in place sweeping social and educational reforms. Key among them was the legalization of abortion and homosexuality. On the educational front, comprehensive education was made accessible to millions through the creation of the Open University. This is another idea that has been replicated by the rest of the world. Even with such positive changes, Labour party was voted out of office in 1970. The party had inherited a large trade deficit that triggered a currency crisis in which the pound was severely weakened. The party was to return to power again in 1976 under James Callaghan. This administration was tirelessly trying to battle the economic crisis present at that time. It ruled with a slight majority in the Commons. Internally, the party was split down the middle over Britain’s membership of the European Economic Community, E.E.C. The issue had to go to referendum. The public showed its overwhelming support for Britain’s continued membership with a two thirds majority. By this time, inflation stood at a staggering 23%. The government successfully lowered inflation by a policy of wage restraint to a rate of 7%. However, this brought cracks in the relationship between Labour and the trade u nions who wanted wages to move only in one direction, up. To shelter ordinary Britons from this economic storm, the Labour government presided an era of rising pensions coupled with massive subsidies on food items (Lyman 1957). This was aimed at to protecting the tiny incomes that had already been decimated by inflation in the rest of the economy. The government sauntered on and introduced several welfare schemes to protect the extremely poor. Pensions of the disabled were significantly increased, and employment legislation ensured that people could be hired even for a short time. Pregnant women were also granted leave. Workplace inspection was prioritized to prevent workers from hazardous working conditions. Unfair dismissal was also curbed through Industrial Tribunals. While the